The Two Most Common Misconceptions about the FMS

Over the past three years as part of my PhD, I’ve been researching the relationship between movement and injury. A recent Twitter discussion reminded me that people on either side of the great FMS social media debate are still confused. I figured I’d put my research efforts to good use to clear up a couple of common misconceptions.

Misconception #1: The FMS composite score can predict injury.

When the FMS first became popular in the late 2000s, its creators touted it as an injury prediction tool [1,2]. The trouble was, at the time they had zero scientific evidence to back that claim up.

It turns out scoring low on the FMS does increase a person’s risk of injury slightly [3,4], but it doesn’t guarantee it. In other words, while low scores are associated with injury, the FMS does not predict injury on an individual basis. Big difference [5].

Specifically, when the FMS is conducted on a large group of people, as in a scientific study, we tend to see a lot of false negatives (people who score high but still get injured).

The fact that the FMS can’t predict injury actually isn’t that surprising. There’s no one thing that predicts injury [6]. This is because injuries aren’t caused by just one factor. Instead, they’re the result of a complicated web of interrelating factors -- a web that’s different for every person based on the types of activities they do [7].

Bittencourt NFN, et al. Br J Sports Med 2016;50:1309–1314.

Misconception #2: Since the FMS doesn’t predict injury, it’s useless.

As the evidence against FMS for injury prediction mounted, its creators quietly walked back their initial claims. Understandably, many evidence-based professionals take issue with the way the FMS folks handled their business. No doubt, they put the marketing cart before the science horse. 

Nowadays, the FMS team talks about the purpose of the screen being to rate movement quality/competency [8,9]. In particular, the FMS looks for movements a person can’t perform or that cause pain. Most would agree this is a reasonable approach when working with someone for the first time.

Obviously, movement professionals were scrutinizing movement long before the FMS came along. What the FMS did was systematize this process using seven bodyweight tests and standardized scoring criteria for each.

The whole thing takes about 10 minutes and provides quick and dirty information about a person’s mobility, motor control, and symmetry -- all of which can be used to guide exercise selection [10]. Hardly controversial when used in that way… right?

Well, there are a couple of important limitations. First, the seven tests are somewhat arbitrary. They’re only a small subset of the movements humans are capable of. Moreover, testing at slow speeds with bodyweight only isn’t indicative of how a person will move at faster speeds, with added load, or under fatigue [11].

The other issue is that the FMS relies on the notion that some ways to move are better than others. This is controversial, to say the least. We know for example that people differ anatomically (e.g. bone structure, limb length ratios, muscle insertion points), and these differences affect movement strategies.

Unless something’s a known mechanism of injury, it’s difficult to state with certainty that it’s “dysfunctional.” Granted, it’s a common misconception that the FMS demands “perfection.” In reality, the FMS asks only for “good enough” (i.e. they allow some wiggle room away from their ideal performance on each test).

So is the FMS useless? No. It’s simply a lens to view movement through. Do we need it to tell us, for instance, not to put a bar on a person’s back who can’t squat with just their bodyweight? No again. It’s just one example of a standard operating procedure.

Most movement professionals worth their salt should be able to put together their own assessment that

1. Is specific to their setting and the population they work with
2. Includes added speed, load, and fatigue (when appropriate) to create a comprehensive movement profile
3. Includes additional “breakout testing” depending on what the initial tests show to dig deeper into movements that appear limited
4. Helps them select exercises that are appropriate to the trainee’s level and goals

Sample breakout tests for a squat

Chances are good your assessment will have some sort of squat, some sort of push-up, some sort of look at hip and shoulder mobility, core stability, etc. [12]. Perhaps to the specifications of the FMS or not.

The FMS is by no means perfect. Use it or don’t use it, but for goodness' sake, do something to systematically assess movement. Don’t just guess.

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References

1. Cook G, Burton L, Hoogenboom B. Pre-participation screening: The use of fundamental movements as an assessment of function – Part 1. North Am J Sport Phys Ther. 2006;1:62–72.
2. Cook G, Burton L, Hoogenboom B. Pre-participation screening: The use of fundamental movements as an assessment of function – Part 2. North Am J Sport Phys Ther. 2006;1:132–139.
3. Bonazza NA, Dhawan A, Smuin D, et al. Reliability, validity, and injury predictive value of the Functional Movement Screen: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Sports Med. 2017;45:725–732.
4. Dorrel BS, Long T, Shaffer S, et al. Evaluation of the Functional Movement Screen as an injury prediction tool among active adult populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Health. 2015;7:532–537.
5. McCall A, Fanchini M, Coutts A. Prediction: The modern-day sport-science and sports-medicine “quest for the Holy Grail.” Int J Sport Physiol. 2017;12:704–706.
6. Bahr R. Why screening tests to predict injury do not work — and probably never will…: A critical review. Br J Sports Med. 2016;50:776–780.
7. Bittencourt NFN, Meeuwisse WH, Mendonça LD, et al. Complex systems approach for sports injuries: Moving from risk factor identification to injury pattern recognition—narrative review and new concept. Br J Sports Med. 2016;50:1309–1314.
8. Cook G, Burton L, Hoogenboom B. Functional Movement Screening: The use of fundamental movements as an assessment of function – Part 1. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2014;9:396–409.
9. Cook G, Burton L, Hoogenboom B. Functional Movement Screening : The Use of Fundamental Movements as an Assssment of Function – Part 2. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2014;9:549–563.
10. McCunn R. The case for movement screening - the usefulness depends on the application. Sport Exerc Sci. 2015;45:21.
11. Frost DM, Beach TAC, Callaghan JP, et al. The influence of load and speed on individuals’ movement behavior. J Strength Cond Res. 2015;29(9):2417–2425.
12. Bennett H, Davison K, Arnold J, et al. Multicomponent musculoskeletal movement assessment tools: A systematic review and critical appraisal of their development and applicability to professional practice. J Strength Cond Res. 2017;31(10):2903–2919.